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There are 3.292 feet in 39 1 2 inches To convert any value in inches to feet, just multiply the value in inches by the conversion factor 0.33333. So, 39.5 inches times 0.33333 is equal to 3.292 feet. The ingredients that go into creating every pair of ELF ballet flat, sandal, boot, bag and wallet are premium raw materials, carefully organized in-house production, the upmost respect for all the people that help us achieve this and the love that we put into every piece we create.
Mark 45 5-inch/54-caliber lightweight gun | |
---|---|
5-inch/62 caliber Mark 45 Mod 4, in flat-panel gun turret, test firing on USS Forrest Sherman | |
Type | Naval gun |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 1971–present
|
Used by | See Operators |
Production history | |
Designed | 1968[1] |
Manufacturer | United Defense[1] (now BAE Systems Land & Armaments) |
Produced | 1971[1] |
Specifications (Mod 2) | |
Mass | 21,691 kg (47,820.5 lb)[1] |
Length | 8.992 m (29 ft 6.0 in)[3] |
Barrel length | 6.858 m (22 ft 6.0 in)[3] Rifling: 5.82 m (19 ft 1 in)[3] |
Shell | 127 x 835mm .R Conventional: 31.75 kg (70.0 lb)[1] |
Caliber | 54 caliber |
Elevation | |
Traverse |
|
Rate of fire | 16–20 rounds per minute automatic[4] |
Muzzle velocity |
|
Effective firing range | 13 nmi (24.1 km)[4] or 20 nmi (37.0 km) (Mod 4)[5] |
The 127 mm (5')/54 caliber (Mk 45) lightweight gun is a U.S. naval artillery gun mount consisting of a 127 mm (5 in) L54 Mark 19 gun on the Mark 45 mount.[1] It was designed and built by United Defense, a company later acquired by BAE Systems Land & Armaments, which continued manufacture.
The latest 62 calibre long version consists of a longer-barrel L62 Mark 36 gun fitted on the same Mark 45 mount.[1] The gun is designed for use against surface warships, anti-aircraft and shore bombardment to support amphibious operations.[1] The gun mount features an automatic loader with a capacity of 20 rounds. These can be fired under full automatic control, taking a little over a minute to exhaust those rounds at maximum fire rate. For sustained use, the gun mount would be occupied by a six-man crew (gun captain, panel operator, and four ammunition loaders) below deck to keep the gun continuously supplied with ammunition.
History[edit]
Development started in the 1960s as a replacement for the 127 mm (5')/54 caliber Mark 42 gun system that had debuted in 1953 with a new, lighter, and easier-to-maintain gun mounting. In United States Navy use the Mark 45 is used with either the Mk 86 Gun Fire Control System or the Mk 160 Gun Computing System. Since before World War II, 127 mm (5 inches) has been the standard gun caliber for U.S. Naval ships. Kaspersky internet security 2020. Its rate of fire is lower than the British 4.5 in (114 mm) gun, but it fires a heavier 127 mm (5-inch) shell which carries a larger burst charge that increases its effectiveness against aircraft.
Variants[edit]
Mod 2
Mod 4
- Mod 0: used mechanical fuze setter. Two-piece rifled construction, with replaceable liner
- Mod 1: electronic fuze setter replaces the mechanical one. Made with a unitary construction barrel, which has a life span approximately twice that of the Mark 42 gun.
- Mod 2: export version of Mod 1, but now used in the US Navy
- Mod 3: same gun with a new control system; never put into production
- Mod 4: longer 62-caliber barrel (versus Mod 1 and 2's 54 caliber) for more complete propellant combustion and higher velocity[6] and thus more utility for land attack. The Mk 45 mod 4 uses a modified flat-panel gun turret, designed to reduce its radar signature.
In sustained firing operations (Mode III), the gun is manned by a six-man crew: a gun captain, a panel operator, and four ammunition loaders, all located below decks. In fully automatic non-sustained firing operations (Mode IV), 20 rounds can be fired without any personnel inside the mount, using an automatic loader.
Guided shell[edit]
On 9 May 2014, the U.S. Navy released a request for information (RFI) for a guided 127 mm (5-inch) round that could be fired from Mark 45 guns on Navy destroyers and cruisers. The thinking is that if the technology worked in the 155 mm (6 in) Long Range Land Attack Projectile (LRLAP) for the Advanced Gun System on Zumwalt-classdestroyers, it can be applied to a 127 mm (5-inch) mount. This RFI comes six years after the cancellation of the RaytheonExtended Range Guided Munition. The shell must have at least double the range of unguided shells for missions including Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS)/Land Attack, and increasing anti-surface warfare (ASuW) capabilities against fast attack craft (FAC) and fast inshore attack craft (FIAC); the main purpose is to destroy incoming small boats at a greater range with a proximity fuseairburst blast fragmentation warhead to spray shrapnel over swarms. Expected submissions include the BAE Systems Multi Service–Standard Guided Projectile (MS-SGP), Raytheon Excalibur N5, and OTO Melara Vulcano guided long-range projectile.[7][8]
Naval Sea Systems Command is also looking to fire a version of the hyper-velocity projectile (HVP) developed for Navy electromagnetic railguns from conventional 5-inch deck guns. Using the HVP could give existing destroyers and cruisers better ability to engage land, air, and missile threats and allow more time to refine the railgun. The HVP would be a cheaper solution to intercepting incoming missiles than a missile interceptor costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. Converting the HVP to fire from conventional guns was not a program of record as of 2015.[9] HVP shells fired from 5-inch deck guns would travel at Mach 3, half the speed of a railgun but twice the speed of conventional rounds.[10] The rounds would be more expensive than unguided shells but cheaper than missile interceptors, and engage air and missile targets out to 10–30 nautical miles (12–35 mi; 19–56 km).[11] During 2018 RIMPAC exercises, the USS Dewey(DDG-105) fired 20 HVPs from a standard Mk 45 deck gun; an HVP shell could cost US$75,000-$100,000, compared to $1-$2 million for missiles.[12]
Operators[edit]
Map with 5-inch/54 caliber Mark 45 operators in blue
Mod 2 gun aboard Australian Anzac-class frigate HMAS Arunta
Loading a 70-pound (32 kg) 5-inch round in the below-deck gun mount
Current operators[edit]
- Australia
- Royal Australian Navy
- Anzac-classfrigates: Mod 4 (upgraded from Mod 2)
- Hobart-class destroyer: Mod 4
- Denmark
- Royal Danish Navy
- Absalon-class command and support ships
- Greece
- Hellenic Navy
- Hydra-class frigates (MEKO 200 HN)
- Japan
- Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
- Atago-classguided missile destroyers: Mod 4
- Maya-class destroyerguided missile destroyers: Mod 4
- Akizuki-class destroyers: Mod 4
- Asahi-class destroyer: Mod 4
- South Korea
- Republic of Korea Navy
- Sejong the Great-class guided missile destroyer: Mod 4
- Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class guided missile destroyer: Mod 4
- Incheon-class frigate : Mod 4
- New Zealand
- Royal New Zealand Navy
- Anzac-class frigates: Mod 2
- Spain
- Spanish Navy
- Álvaro de Bazán-class frigates: Mod 2
- Taiwan
- Republic of China Navy
- Kee Lung-class guided missile destroyers
- Thailand
- Royal Thai Navy
- Naresuan-class frigates: Mod 2 being upgraded Mod 4
- Turkey
- Turkish Navy
- Barbaros-class frigates (MEKO 200 TN II)
- Yavuz-class frigates (MEKO 200 TN I)
- United States
- United States Navy
- Active service ships:
- Ticonderoga-classguided missile cruisers: Mod 2[4]
- CG-52-73: Mod 4 after receiving the cruiser modernization
- Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer:
- DDG 51–80: Mod 2[4]
- DDG 81–112: Mod 4[4]
- Decommissioned:
- Tarawa-classamphibious assault ships (later removed)
Future operators[edit]
- Australia
- Royal Australian Navy
- Hunter-class frigate: 9 ships ordered.[13]
- Canada
- Royal Canadian Navy
- Canadian Surface Combatant: 15 ships planned.[14]
- United Kingdom
- Royal Navy
- Type 26 frigate: 8 ships planned, 3 ships ordered with the remaining 5 to negotiated, 2 in build (Mod 4)
- India
- Indian Navy
- Visakhapatnam-class destroyer : 4 ships under construction[15]
- Nilgiri-class frigate (2019) : 6 ships under construction, 1 planned[15]
![Marked 2 5 39 inches equals Marked 2 5 39 inches equals](https://www.courant.com/resizer/CBFA95SuGMYj39BZAOXoqp1L4uQ=/1200x675/top/cloudfront-us-east-1.images.arcpublishing.com/tronc/P5HV5VVOHZCI3OVW2LKTERG6WM.jpg)
- Turkey
- Turkish Navy
- TF2000-class frigate: 7 in planned
See also[edit]
- Extended Range Guided Munition: long range (~60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi)) precision guided projectile program by Raytheon for the Mark 45 gun, canceled in 2008.
- Advanced Gun System: The 155 mm (6 in) gun on Zumwalt-class destroyers. (Unusable, no ammunition)
Weapons of comparable role, performance and era[edit]
- 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun: contemporary standard naval gun for British ships
- AK-130: contemporary 130 mm twin standard naval gun mounting for Russian ships
- French 100 mm naval gun: contemporary standard naval gun for French ships
- Otobreda 127/54 Compact and Otobreda 127/64: contemporary 127 mm naval gun from Italian manufacturer Oto Melara
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abcdefghijklNorman Polmar, pp. 492–493
- ^'United States of America 5'/54 (12.7 cm) Mark 45 Mod 4'. NavWeaps.Com. 18 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ abcdefg'United States of America 5'/54 (12.7 cm) Mark 45 Mods 0–2'. NavWeaps.Com. 18 September 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ abcde'The US Navy Fact File: 5-inch Mark 45 54-caliber lightweight gun'. United States Navy. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^'Mk 45 Mod 4 Naval Gun System'. BAE Systems. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^'5-inch 62-Caliber Mk 45 Mod 4 Naval Gun System'(PDF). Brochure. BAE Systems. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
- ^Navy Taking a Second Look at A Five-Inch Guided RoundArchived 9 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine – News.USNI.org, 3 June 2014
- ^Navy seeks guided deck-gun shell – Navytimes.com, 4 June 2014
- ^Navy Researching Firing Mach 3 Guided Round from Standard Deck GunsArchived 1 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine – News.USNI.org, 1 June 2015
- ^The Future of the Navy's Electromagnetic Railgun Could Be a Big Step BackwardsArchived 16 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine - Popularmechanics.com, 6 June 2016
- ^Pentagon: New Rounds For Old Guns Could Change Missile Defense for Navy, ArmyArchived 19 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine - News.USNI.org, 18 July 2016
- ^Navy Quietly Fires 20 Hyper Velocity Projectiles Through Destroyer’s DeckgunArchived 9 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. USNI News. 8 January 2019.
- ^'Australia's Hunter class Type 26 frigates explained'. news.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^'Ottawa awards design contract for $60-billion warship fleet to Lockheed Martin'. CTV News. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019. 8 February 2019.
- ^ ab'Trump Administration approves sale of $1 billion worth of naval guns to India'. LiveMint. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
Bibliography[edit]
- Norman, Polmar (2005). The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet (18th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 492–493. ISBN978-1-59114-685-8.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 5'/54 caliber Mark 45 gun. |
- BAE Systems' computer animation and video of the Mk 45 Mod 4 gun on YouTube
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5%22/54_caliber_Mark_45_gun&oldid=982024526'
Welcome to our page that shows you how to convert 2.39 mm to inches. There are many instances where you need to make this conversion. Some products are advertised in millimeters (mm), but what if you’re only familiar with their inch equivalent? In this page, we will show you the equivalent of 2.39 mm in inches. We also show the many conversion methods.
2.39 MM to Inches Calculator
2.39 mm is equal to 0.094094 inches. To do the calculation, use our online calculator.
In the box next to “millimeters”, type 2.39. Once you have entered the number, the calculator displays the results. Once you have taken note of the numbers, click the reset button if you want to make other conversions.
We used 2.39 mm as the example because that is the focus of this page. However, you can use the same method for other mm values. If you want to convert 20 mm for example, you just type 20 in the millimeter field.
Inch abbreviations: in., “.
Millimeter abbreviation: “mm”.
2.39 MM to Inches – Unit Definition
Millimeters Definition – The millimeter is a measuring unit for small objects. It belongs to the metric system and is equivalent to 0.001 meter. It is abbreviated as mm. The “millimeter” spelling is used in the United States, but in the UK and other nations, it is spelled as millimeter.
A millimeter is equal to roughly 0.04 of an inch (to be specific, 0.0393700787402 inch). A mm is smaller than a centimeter, as 1 mm is equal to 0.1 of a centimeter in the metric system. 1000 millimeters is equivalent to 1000 mm and mm is used when an object is too small for inches.
Inches Definition – For Americans, the inch is the preferred unit of measurement. Wirecast 7 6 0 – stream live from the desktop. It is equal to 1/36 of a yard. 12 inches is equivalent to a foot. The inch is derived from ynce or ince, which comes from uncia. The inch has two abbreviations, in. and “. Aside from the US, Canada and the UK use this for measurement. In Japan, the inch is used to measure display screens.
The official symbol of the inch is in. but most of the time it is displayed as a double prime (“), the same symbol used for quotes, i.e. 5”.
2.39 MM to Inches Conversion Chart
A mm to inch calculator is nice, but if you need a series of conversions right away, this conversion chart will do. For example, You can use it for calculate the 2.39 mm inch equivalent. If you need to make quick comparisons, use this as it’s quick and easy.
Unit Conversion | Millimeters (mm) | Inches (in, ”) |
---|---|---|
2.39 MM to Inches | 2.39 mm = | 0.094094” |
2.39 MM to Inches
If you want to convert 2.39 mm to inches, you use the same technique for standard mm to inch conversion.
All you have to do is divide 2.39 by 25.4. Keep in mind that 1 inch is equivalent to 25.4 mm. So, it follows that you just need to divide 2.39 mm using that number. Using that formula, we get 0.094094 inches.
You can write the results in the following ways:
- 2.39 mm = 0.094094 inches
- 2.39 mm = 0.094094”
- 2.39 mm = 0.094094 in
- 2.39 millimeters = 0.094094 inches
Doing the conversion from 2.39 mm to inches is not that difficult. If you have a converter or calculator, the process is straightforward. As we have pointed out, there will be a lot of instances where you have to make this conversion, so knowing the process will help.
Whether you’re buying or making something, being aware of the conversion is going to save you trouble.
Convert 2.39 MM to Inches
If you’re into construction or travel a lot, you will find that either mm or inches are used. If you are familiar with only inches, knowledge will be necessary. For instance, you may find a device that is 2.39 mm thick. Now you’re wondering, how much is that in inches?
If you’re used to inches, it’s hard to visualize just what 2.39 mm is like. That is why you need a chart or calculator to make the conversion. Once you know how to convert 2.39 mm to inches, you can use the same procedure for 20 mm, 30 mm and so on.
As to which method is the most effective, the choice is up to you. For many, a calculator is the most efficient. No need to figure whether to divide or multiply what figure. Just type 2.39 mm and you get results.
The importance of having a chart or calculator cannot be overstated. You may know that 1 mm is equal to 0.04 inch. You may also know that you can divide 2.39 mm by 25.4 and get the inch equivalent. But that is difficult to do manually. Rather than manual figuring, our options here are faster.
Popular MM to Inches (Millimeters to Inches) conversions:
2.39 MM Equal to How Many Inches?
To answer that question right off, 2.39 millimeters is equivalent to 0.094094 inches. A lot of people look for the 2.39 mm to inches’ conversion because this measurement is widely used. If you know how to find the inch equivalent of 2.39 mm, you will find it easier to do with other measurements as well.
For your reference, however, we have here the other common mm figures used for other measurements.
When the metric system was established, the goal was to make it the universal means of measuring. Even then the experts knew it would be more practical to use the same measuring units.
However, that has not happened yet. Businesses and people in the US, Canada and the UK use inches while others opt for mm. Given this situation it is essential that you learn how to convert 2.39 mm to inches. Doing so will save you a lot of time. Reckless racing 1 0.
2.39 MM to Inches
Description
This page will show you the equivalent of 2.39 mm in inches. We also show the many conversion methods. We suggest reading on about our 2.39 mm to inches converter and chart.
Marked 2 5 39 Inches Equals
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